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Saturday, March 19, 2011

Homosexuality: Nature Or Nurture ?

The phenomenon of homosexuality is not a new thing in society. If the first homosexual behavior is considered taboo, now no longer. Many people who claim that he includes homosexuals openly, even proudly. In the Netherlands, for example, the law that legalized same-sex marriage has been legalized. Many people who held a wedding there for their status as homosexuals are legally recognized.

Normally, each person will feel attracted to others with different sexes, between men and women. The situation then became abnormal when no longer sexually attraction to the opposite sex, but to the same gender. This became known as sexual deviations. Not just homosexuality, sexual perversion have a variety of types such as exhibitionism, Fetishism, frotteurism, pedophilia, masochism, sadism, voyeurism, and others. Classification of sexual deviation are conditional on the cause of the sexual arousal or sexual triggers. In the deviant sexual behavior, sexual arousal occurs because certain things that are not considered normal in the eyes of society, such as an interest in animals, even dead bodies, which then can stimulate sexual desire.


Actors like homosexual sex. Women like women and men like the others no longer be a surprise. This is because the phenomenon of homosexuality can be found all around us. From the public comments gathered in the Kompas online about homosexuality, some of their comments will lead to ketidakterimaan community of people who think gays should be shunned. In fact, people assume that being a gay and lesbian is normal. Many of the statements taken as a pretext so that homosexuals will be retained, namely that they are human, just like us. In addition, there are also comments stating that homosexuality is a form of sexual abnormality that there was no party can be blamed in these circumstances. Pros cons of homosexuality is what needs to be further reviewed.

Viewed from a biological perspective, it is not wrong if a lot of people think homosexuality is a hereditary disease. Every person born with hormone levels vary. Some people are born with high levels of hormones, which causes too high sexual drive. Often people with a high libido is not capable of delivering sexual desires. Their sexual orientation had changed, no longer interest in the opposite sex, but attraction towards same-sex and other things that can satisfy their sexual desires.

About any environmental factors play an important role in this. This factor has a big influence in shaping the thinking that ultimately affect individuals in directing their sexual orientation. Environmental factors make an individual to learn the things that happen around him. Unlike the biological perspective, learn a behavior from the surrounding environment is also called learning theory. Learning theory also plays an important role regarding the rejection of homosexuality and provide stimulus to the right to sexual orientation.

In everyday life, most of the media who are creating a culture that made homosexual looks as if true and not distorted. On the other hand, the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender / trans-sexual (LGBT) asked people not to always discredit and violence against them. The reason, they are still considered to be people marginalized and trash for the community. And they also have the same rights in society. Both verbal and physical violence prevalent and there is no response from the families of LGBT people due to lack of awareness of equality in society.

BASIC THEORY

a. Nature and Nurture

It has been many years psychologists concerned with differences between people and their problems split into two camps. The first stronghold of nativist, is the party that emphasizes the gene and the basic characteristics (existing at birth) or nature. Another faction is the faction that is more focused empiricist learning and experience, referred to nurture. Edward L. Thorndike (1903), one of the leading psychologists in the 1900s sided with the first camp when he made the statement that "In human life, the most decisive factor is heredity." However, researchers contemporaries, namely John B. Watson (1925), a leading behaviorist in a very famous expression, stating that the experience can write any message on the tabula rasa-a clean white sheet-human nature.

Contribution to the nature and nurture shape similarities and differences between people. Research in behavioral genetics (behavioral genetics) attempt to reveal the contribution of heredity (genetics) and environmental factors to explain individual differences in human characteristics. Now there are hardly any people who argue that nature and nurture matter. As ever written by a scientist, "The debate about the nature and nurture have been completed" [1]. Almost all of today's psychologists understand that nature is always the result of heredity and environment interact and produce not only a psychological nature, but also most of the physical characteristics. First, the gene has implications for our experience. On the other hand, the experience affects gene. Pressure stress, diet, emotional, and hormonal changes can affect gene is active or not active at certain times during a person's life.

The importance of heredity and environment comparison is a major problem among the psychologists and the general public. When this has been clear that although some rare physical disorder is a descendant of 100 percent, the tendency for most normal conditions is the result of hereditary and environmental forces are complex.

b. Homosexuality

Homosexuality is a same-sex sexual relations, and is usually intended to refer to both attraction or sexual relationships between same-sex male and female sex. Homoos (Greek) means the same. This term first appeared in 1986 in the writings of Karl-Maria Kertbenny. Homosexual men called gay, while the woman called the lesbian / gay [2]. Homosexual behavior is considered as an aberration, even as a disease. In an effort to cure psychological therapy, medication administration, and so forth. Until in 1973, the American Psychiatric Association (APA), stating that homosexual behavior is not an aberration, but a sexual orientation or choice (preference). This statement raises substantial changes, such as the holding of the laws between same-sex marriage in several states in the United States and other countries, like Canada and the Netherlands. Only negative perceptions and treatment of homosexuals who do individually can not be avoided or reduced.

The process of identifying homosexual

There are four stages which are usually traversed by an individual in the identification process itself as a homosexual, or commonly referred to as coming-out. King (1991) describes these stages as follows:

1. Recognizing himself as a homosexual. It usually occurs in early childhood (under age 15 years), or later during young adulthood may even be after marriage. This phase is usually skipped by a sense of loneliness, confusion, and sometimes painful. This may be because individuals realize that he was different from the people around him, or any unpleasant sexual experiences (eg, never abused or even raped);

2. Began to recognize homosexual people. This stage may not occur before the age of young adults. Through this stage, usually the individual will begin to establish friendships, start dating, and long-term intimate relationship with fellow homosexuals. By knowing the homosexual community a sense of worthlessness or isolated can be reduced, there is even a possibility the individual may be interested in political activities as an activist on the rights of homosexuals;

3. Telling the people closest to, such as friends and especially family. There are many homosexuals who have not or even not at all through this phase. When told, there may be rejected, not recognized, and the occurrence of conflict, or even strengthen family relationships and get full support. The case that happens is a lot of partial notification, that is just telling friends but did not notify the family or did not tell anyone, but engage in sexual relations at a bar or nightclub. This can lead to tremendous stress due to the individual to run two different lives and priorities between them difficult preferred one of them;

4. Openness as a whole. In this stage, co-workers, employees, and all people around the individual knows that he is a homosexual. A homosexual who reach this stage is considered to have reached a healthy sexuality because conditions have received themselves.

DATA ANALYSIS

From the data collected, there are the facts as follows:

a. George Rice, a researcher from Northwestern University, Ontario, Canada, found that gay men who studied, was not found on chromosome anomaly XQ 28. The discovery was obtained after examining 52 gay couples, who were frequency 28 XQ very scarce. According to him, some researchers did raise questions about the truth of his research, but he did not also prove that their findings are wrong. This is because the study was small scale, while the specific genes that are very hard to find. Rice himself admits, he did not want to negate the hypothesis that homosexual related to genetic factors. He just found out that XQ 28 is not a segment relating to sexual orientation to friends alike. Therefore, genetic factors trigger homosexual research should be continued. However, he was very confident with his findings, especially because he has conducted two further studies which reinforce previous research. Therefore, her research Rice interpreted as evidence that not all cases are caused by homosexual XQ 28.

b. Since 1973 the doctors and psychologists who gathered in the APA (American Psychiatric Association) has removed homosexuality from the list of psychiatric disease or better known as MD DSM IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder IV). Since 1900, studies the problem of homosexuality is more emphasis on behavioral genetics through the Human Genome Project at the National Institutes of Health, sponsored by the United States. However, for most people this is still considered controversial. That's because the behavioral characteristics such as sexual orientation involves several genes that are relevant to sexual behavior.

c. According to Ramelan Wahyuning Doctoral research, medical geneticist, University of Indonesia, if the right of a man being gay because of ancestry, his parents should also be investigated. If the gene is mentioned as a cause of male homo was found on chromosome X, this attribute can only be inherited through the mother. As is known, a woman comes from the two X chromosomes, while men are from one X and one Y. When there is conception, the derived X chromosome in boys is a donation from her mother, not his father. For that, there should be checks on her mother's chromosomes. However, if it turns out she did not bring homosexuals chromosomes, gene abnormality may be experienced by children comes from the mutation. If research is correct, the possibility of the emergence of gay men is also very small.

d. The existence of homosexual identification process, so that an individual through the stages to arrive at an open attitude to other people, namely the stage of awareness, to know the community, and tell the people closest. This reinforces that the environment greatly affect the tendency of one's homosexuality is caused by various aspects of early homosexual experiences, family relationships are a mess cause a lack of role among elderly people making it less able to feel the need for the opposite sex, and the lack of contact with the opposite sex.

CONCLUSION

Based on the description of the problem formulation presented in the introduction, it can be concluded that:

a. The presence of homosexuals is caused by environmental factors and association. Although a person has a homosexual gene, not necessarily gay because he behaves depends on the environment and her social. Conversely, if someone does not have a homosexual gene, but day-to-day hanging out with gay men, most likely he will become gay.

b. Although, according to research results indicate that homosexual behavior is caused by the environment, but we must still address their existence with a full-tolerance, non-judgmental, and mutual respect.

Reference:

Wade, Carol. and Tavris, Carol.2007. Psychology, Ninth Edition, Volume 2. London: publisher

Hazwanenda, Rizky Khairani. 2010. Picture of Condom Use Self-Efficacy in Male Homosexuality in Young Adult Period. Thesis. New York: Psychology Prodi Paramadina University

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